(c) Quotations. Short quotations within the text should be enclosed in quotation marks; quotations of 40 or more words or other extract material should be indented about ½-inch along both margins without quotation marks. Words, punctuation, or underlining for italics not present in the original should be enclosed in square brackets or noted as "(emphasis added)."

(d) Text citations. Specify all references in the text (and in the text of any notes) by last name of author and year of publication; add pagination as appropriate and with ALL quotations. Do not use ibid., op. cit., loc. Cit., supra, infra, or cf; instead, show subsequent citation of the same source in the same way as the first citation. See section 9 for examples. List complete information for every reference at the end of the article only, under "REFERENCES." See sections 6 and 9 for styles.
Note the distinction between page numbers, sometimes inclusive, that serve in the text to document a specific mark, and those inclusive numbers in the reference that indicate pages on which the entire source falls in its original publication.
(3) Notes. Use notes for discursive comments, not for documentation. The point of reference to notes should be indicated in the text, preferably after the period at the end of a sentence. All notes should be typed numerically at the end of the article under the major heading "NOTES." Also note that if the manuscript is accepted for publication, we will require a disk copy of the manuscript in which notes cannot be embedded in the text by a word-processing feature.
(4) Tables and Figures (including photographs, maps, etc.). All tables for an article should be grouped together at the end of the article (not interspersed in the text), each table on a separate unpaginated sheet of 8-1/2 x 11 paper. Indicate placement of tables and figures within the text at the end of the paragraph in which the table or figure is FIRST mentioned (also note that tables and figures must be mentioned in the text) as follows:
[PLACE TABLE 1 AND FIGURE 1 ABOUT HERE]
Check carefully that quantities are correct and correctly labeled; if columns are to add up to 100% or to "n," for example, the addition should be verified.
Table headings should be concise and brief. Citation of the source(s) of material presented in the table should be placed immediately below the table and should be headed "SOURCES:" Sources should be cited as in the text (see section 3d) and included in the reference list. Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript letters (beginning with the letter a) in the body of the table (not in the heading) and indicated beneath the source line by use of lower case "a," "b," "c," etc. Use asterisks for p values only. A general note about the table can be headed "NOTE:"
Figures (any line art, graphs, photos, maps, flow charts, drawings) and tables with 17 or more columns, such as correlation matrix tables, must be supplied in camera-ready form; thus we need clear, sharp black-and-white originals, never photocopies and never from a dot-matrix printer. Cross-hatching should be used in lieu of shading. Glossy paper is not acceptable for most art, but photographs should be glossies or halftone prints (velox prints), rather than snapshots. Poor quality or unacceptable artwork will be returned to the author, and publication of the article is likely to be delayed. As mentioned above, insert a line indicating the placement of the figure within the text.
Captions for figures should accompany artwork, each typed on a separate sheet. Subordinate caption material such as explanatory keys or source materials can be handled like tabled footnotes. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to reproduce copyrighted material and this should be submitted with the manuscript.
(5) References. List all references alphabetically by author and (for the same author cited in different sources) chronologically by year of publication with most recent year last; when citing several works published in the same year by the same author, list the works alphabetically by title and insert "a," "b," "c," etc., after the date, in the reference and in the citation, matching them. In references, please do not use "et al."-list all collaborators, and provide complete periodical data, including volume, number (or month), and complete pagination.
(6) Biographical Sketch. A brief biographical sketch for each author should accompany each article on a separate page. Include such information as current institutional affiliations, research interests, and recent publications.
(7) Examples of Author-Date Text Citations. (Chicago style)
(a) If author's name is used in text, follow with year in parentheses:
The p index, developed by Lieberson (1980), reflects…
(b) If author's name is not in text, insert last name and year (with no comma after the author's name):
The edge-city phenomenon (Garreau 1989) is also…
(c) When appropriate and with all quotations, pagination follows year, separated by a comma:
Too often, their projected figures are based on "overly generous assumptions" or are "pure guesswork" (Johnson 1993, 4).
(d) When the work cited has two or three coauthors, give all names, joined by "and"; when there are four or more coauthors, use "et al.":
We accept Graig, Neimi, and Silver's (1990) conceptual distinction…
Other investigators clearly viewed their participation as public relations or civic responsibility (Brindley, Rydin, and Stoker 1989, 155-156).
…to conceptualize ethnicity and ethnic identity as constructed, invented, and contested phenomena (Conzen et al. 1990) [citation of article coauthored by K. Conzen, D. Gerber, E. Morawska, and G. Possetta]
…assumptions that Breton et al. (1990) have shown do not hold [citation of article coauthored by R. Breton, W.W. Isajiw, W.E. Kalbach, and J.G. Reitz]
(e) When two or more citations are works by the same author published in the same year, insert "a," "b," etc. after the date in both text citations and references. Note that the references will be listed alphabetically by article title:
…as was suggested previously (Becker 1966a, 317)…Becker (1966b) showed that…
In references:
Becker, D.D. 1966a. All in the family…
------. 1966b. Because the sky is blue…
(f) For institutional authorship, supply complete identification from reference (do not abbreviate unless the abbreviation-or acronym-ha already been introduced in the text):
…a statement (American Psychiatric Association 1952, 12).
…occupational data (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963, 117)…
(g) Incorporate within parentheses any brief phrase associated with the reference:
…have claimed this (but see Jones 1952, 99).
(h) Enclose within a single pair of parentheses a series of references, , separated by semicolons:
…many have noted (Johnson 1942; Perry 1947; Lindquist 1847).
(i) For authorless articles or studies, list by complete article title in references, use quotes around title (shortened if very long) in in-text citation:
…stated most definitively ("Studies Show Improvement" 1983).
(j) For legal citations, cases must be cited in full in text (or in notes), including the volume number of the case reporter, the name of the reporter, the first page number, and the year:
…as was defined in United States v. Yonkers Board of Education (413 U.S. 252, 1990).
(k) Provide in-text information (brief identification, type of communication, and date) for interviews and other personal communications; do not list in references.
According to John Jones (director of HOBE, interview, 4 July 1996)
(8) References. References should be provided in Chicago's "documentation two" style (Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition):
(a) Articles. See Baldassare, Baldassare & Protash, Buttel & Flinn, and Fleischmann & Feagin. Note that works for the same author are listed chronologically. Use 6 hyphens to replace names when the author(s) of the second work are exactly the same as the first listing. Also note that a comma is inserted after the first author's initial. Note that complete pagination is needed-type as follows: 3-17, 23-26, 100-103, 104-7, 124-128, 1115-20. Note that when page numbers follow a colon after parentheses, there should be a space after the colon [e.g., Urban Affairs Review 25 (June): 3-17]; when there are no parentheses before the colon, there is no space between the colon and the page numbers (e.g., Urban Affairs Review 25:3-17).
(b) Books. See Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Blalock, Bollens & Schmandt, Brower & Carol, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, McGahan, Mullin, U.S. Bureau of the Census, and Williams, Herman, Liebman, & Dye. Note that institutional authors are spelled out, and if the institution is also the publisher (as in Her Majesty's Stationary Office), type "Author" for publisher. Note the placement of "Jr." in the Blalock reference. Note the placement of edition numbers (or volume numbers) in Bollens & Schmandt and McGahan (use 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th…or Vol. 2). Note that two-letter state abbreviations must be inserted with place of publication unless the state name is in the press name or the city is so well known that a state name is unnecessary (see Brower & Carol and Mullin). "University" is abbreviated in press names but not in institutional names (see Brower & Carol, Mullin, and Williams et al.).
(c) Chapter in a book: see Burnett (in an edited book; list all editors' names) and Fainstein and Fainstein (in a multiauthored book).
(d) Editor(s) of a book: see Campbell & Bahl and Russell.
(e) Dissertation or thesis (unpublished): see Olds (use "Ph.D. diss.," or "Master's thesis,").
(f) Paper presented at a symposium or annual meeting: see Swanstrom & Ward.
(g) Other papers, reports, etc.: see Selwood & Hall.
(h) Bills, Acts: in text citation only
(i) Computer sources: see SAS Institute
(j) Computer files: see U.S. Bureau of the Census
(k) Newspapers/magazine articles, no author: see Studies show improvement.
(l) Personal communications: in-text cite only.
(m) Reprints: see Tocqueville.
REFERENCES
Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR). 1981. Measuring Local discretionary authority. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Baldassare, M. 1985. The suburban movement to limit growth: Reasons for support in Orange County. Policy Studies Review 4 (4): 613-25.
------. 1989. Citizen support for regional government in the new suburbia. Urban Affairs Quarterly 24 (3): 460-69.
Blalock, H.M., Jr. 1979. Social statistics. New York: McGraw Hill.
Bollens, J.C., and H.J. Schmandt. 1982. The metropolis. 4th ed. New York: Harper & Row.
Brower, D.J., and D.S. Carol. 1987. Managing land use conflicts: Case studies in special area management. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.
Burnett, A. 1983. Neighborhood participation, policy demand making, and local outputs in British and North American cities. In Public service provision and urban development, edited by A. Kirby, P. Knox, and S. Pinch, 316-62. New York: St. Martin's.
Buttel, F.H., and W.L. Flinn. 1976a. Economic growth versus the environment: Survey evidence. Social Science Quarterly 57 (2): 410-20.
------. 1976b. Environmental politics: The structuring of partisan and ideological cleavages in mass environmental attitudes. Sociological Quarterly 17:477-90.
Campbell, A.K., and R.W. Bahl, eds. 1976. State and local governments: The political economy of reform. New York: Free Press.
Fainstein, N.I., and S.S. Fainstein. 1983. Regime strategies, communal resistance, and economic forces. In Restructuring the city: The political economy of urban development, by S. Fainstein, N. Fainstein, R. Hill, D. Judd, and M. Smith, 245-82. New York: Longman.
Fleischmann, A., and J. Feagin. 1987. The politics of growth-oriented urban alliances. Urban Affairs Quarterly 23 (2): 207-32.
Her Majesty's Stationary Office. 1978-1979. Annual abstracts of statistics. London: Author.
------. 1988-1989. Annual abstracts of statistics. London: Author
McGahan, P. 1986. Urban sociology in Canada. 2d ed. Toronto: Butterworths.
Mullin, J.R. 1988. Planning in small town Massachusetts: In search of a positive future. Amherst: Center for Rural Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts.
Olds, K. 1988. Planning for the housing impacts of a hallmark event: A case study of Expo 86. Master's thesis, School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia.
Russell, C., ed. 1979. Collective decision making: Applications for public choice theory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
SAS Institute. 1988. SAS/STAT user's guide, release 6.03. Cary, NC: SAS Institute (STEPDISC and CANDISC procedures).
Selwood, H.J., and C. Hall. 1986. The America's Cup: A hallmark tourist event. In Canadian studies of parks, recreation, and tourists in foreign lands.Occasional paper 11, edited by J.S. Marsh, 67-82. Peterborough, Ontario: Department of Geography, Trent University.
Swanstrom, T., S. Ward. 1987. Albany's O'Connell organization: The survival of an entrenched machine. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September.
Tocqueville, A. de. [1966] 1988. Democracy in America. Reprint, edited by J.P. Mayer, translated by G. Lawrence. New York: Harper & Row.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1982. Census of governments: Compendium of governments. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
------. 1990. Census of population and housing. Summary tape file 4A. Washington, DC: Author.
Williams, O.P., H. Herman, C.S. Liebman, and T.R. Dye. 1965. Suburban differences and metropolitan policies. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
 

 
CHECKLIST
Following is a list of common problem areas that we encounter when editing manuscripts for publication. By checking the following items in your manuscript as you revise it, fewer errors are likely to occur during the editing and printing stages:
1. Be sure that your manuscript is written in formal social science style. Avoid the use of colloquial words and phrases, and do not use any contractions.
2. Cross check to see that all citations in the text, notes, and tables/figures are included in the reference list and all publications listed in the references are cited.
3. Avoid the personification of things\ although use of the active voice is preferred, be sure that active subjects have active verbs and that passive subjects have passive verbs. An active subject acts\ a passive subject is acted upon. For example, in a literal sense, a paper (passive) cannot investigate (active), but the author (active) investigates (active), and the paper is a report of the author's actions (passive). A study is performed\ a study does not research. Scholars research\ research is undertaken [by scholars].
4. Avoid the use of personal pronouns except when referring to yourself\ similarly, do not refer to yourself in the third person except in the abstract. For example, instead of "when examining this table, we can see,"write," when examining this table, one can see" ("we examined this table to see if . . ." is O.K.)\ in the text and notes, write "I contacted the CEOs in six cities," rather than "the author contacted . . . ."
5. All acronyms must be spelled out the first time they are used and then used consistently throughout the manuscript (e.g., ". . . in the Philadelphia metropolitan statistical area (MSA). . . . However, the data show that these results did not hold for the Boston MSA"). Also note that the United States is spelled out except as an adjective (e.g., "across the United States," "the U.S. government").
6. Avoid sexist terminology (e.g., "an instructor should teach his students that . . ."), and rather than using "his or her" or "his/her," use the plural form (e.g., "instructors should teach their students . . .") or delete generic pronouns altogether (e.g., "an instructor's responsibility is to teach students that . . .").
7. Go "which" hunting to replace "which" with "that." "Which" should be used only with a nonessential phrase\ "that" should be used with an essential phrase. For example, "The boat that was on the dock was red" clarifies which boat was red, whereas "The boat, which was on the dock, was red" indicates as an aside where the red boat was. Which is almost always preceded by a comma
and usually introduces an interrupting phrase or an addendum. Some examples are, "The method that we used showed us which hypothesis was correct"\ "the group that met on Fridays was rowdy, which made it difficult to teach them anything.
8. In most cases, "while" should be replaced with "whereas" or "although." While means "during" or "at the same time as." For example, "Although [not while] the percentages were lower in the city, the overall percentages throughout the state were stable," or "The percentages were low in the city, whereas [not while] throughout the rest of the state, the percentages were moderate to high."
9. Terms should be underlined (for italics) rather than placed in quotation marks. Use quotation marks sparingly. For example, have and have-not are listed as nouns in Webster's and therefore do not need quotation marks.
10. In general, numbers from one to nine are spelled out, numbers over 10 are numerical\ however, when both occur in the same sentence or paragraph, use numbers (e.g., "9 out of 12 cities"). Never begin a sentence with a number (spelled out or otherwise)\ instead, reorganize the sentences--for example, "Of those responding, 15.2% were aged 40 and over." Also note that the "%" symbol is used rather than the word "percent" and that because "percent" should only be used with a number, use "percentage" with nouns (e.g., "percentage of blacks" or "percentage black" or "15% black").
11. Titles are only capitalized when they appear before a person's name (e.g., "Mayor Daley" but "Daley, mayor of Chicago"). Capitalize directions that are definite regions (e.g., the North, the South, the East, the West, the Sunbelt, the East Side) but not as adjectives (e.g., "the sunbelt cities," "the southern states," "the east side of town,") or as general directions (e.g., "west of the river"). Capitalize only full proper names of departments (e.g., "U.S. Bureau of the Census" but "the data from the census" and "St. Louis Chamber of Commerce" but "members of the chamber of commerce").
12. In general, do not hyphenate prefixes such as non, mini, pre, post, re, de (note the exception of de-emphasize), over, under, anti, pro, counter, co, intra, inter, macro, micro, and mid except with numbers (such as mid-1960s) or with proper names (such as post-World War II and neo-Marxist), and do not hyphenate suffixes such as fold (e.g., sixfold) and wide (e.g., citywide, communitywide). When in doubt, check the dictionary (Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 10th edition)\ if the hyphenated word does not appear, it is not hyphenated.
13. Do hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun, such as "20-year contract, "high-income category," "tax-exempt property," "high-priced goods," "government-owned land" "high-ranking official," "short-term loans" "lower-level income," (note "low- to moderate-level incomes"), and "well-known results." Do not hyphenate adverb-participle combinations if the adverb ends in "ly," such as "privately owned corporation" and "newly created staff," or adverb-adjective combinations such as "more determined person," "least biased review," and "most complicated experiment."
14. Words in a series are separated with a comma--for example, "apples, oranges, and pineapples." Use a comma between two complete sentences joined by a conjunction, such as "She was tall, and he was short." Do not separate compound subjects from verbs with a comma, such as "All of the highways, the streets, and the bridges leading to the airport were under construction."