1. |
Focus Question: What events brought Europe into WWI? |
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Whose assassination sparked the crisis of 1914? Who was responsible
for the assassination? Why was Austria dependent on German support
before she could act against Serbia? What type of war did Germany
and Austria hope would result? How would one characterize German
policy during the July crisis of 1914? Which groups in Russia
wanted war with Austria? Which did not, why? Why did the German
minister Bethmann-Hollweg not try to restrain Austria prior to July 30th,
but thereafter sincerely tried to restrain them? Why did Germany
wait to declare mobilization against Russia until after Russia had begun
to mobilize? What action by Germany brought Britain into the war? |
| 2. |
Focus Question: What type of war did the Europeans
expect and what type of war did they experience? Why was this the
case? |
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What type of war did Europeans expect in 1905? Did military strategy
look to an offensive or defensive war? What advantages did the Triple
Entente powers have? What advantages did the Central Powers have?
What was the strategy of the Schlieffen Plan of 1905? Why did it
fail? What was the result of the Battle of the Marne in September
1914? In 1915, who won the battles in the East? Why did
Turkey and Bulgaria join the Central powers? Why did Italy join the
Entente powers? What did Japan gain by joining the Allied Powers?
What did the British hope to obtain by attacking the Dardanelles?
What were the results? In 1916 what were the results of the Battles
of Verdun and the Somme? Which military strategy proved most effective,
offense or defense? How did Britain break international law in its
military operations at sea? Why did Germany decide to lauch submarine
warfare against the British? What role did the German fleet play
in the war? Why did the Americans enter the war? How
did President Woodrow Wilson "sell" the war in America? |
| 3. |
Focus Question: What was the fate of Russia due to WWI? |
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What prompted the Russian revolution? What factors led to the
fall of the Russian provisional government and the seizure of power by
the Bolsheviks? What measures did the Bolsheviks take upon coming
to power? Why did the Bolsheviks agree to such harsh terms in the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? When did the Bolsheviks finally become undisputed
masters of the Russian empire? |
| 4. |
Focus Question: After near victory, Germany lost the
war. Why? How did the peace sow the seeds for further conflict? |
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What military move did the Germans attempt following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
When did the German High Command realize that "the end was imminent" and what measures did they take? Which party
became the ruling party that signed the armistice that ended the war by
accepting German defeat? Why were German civilians surprised by surrender?
How many casualities on all sides were suffered during the War?
What impact did the war have of European self-confidence and belief in
material and moral progress? To what extend was the old international order "dead"? |
| 5. |
Focus Question: What was the nature of the Peace Settlement
at Paris? |
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What obstacles existed to an "idealistic" peace without victors?
What were the varying national goals of the victorious Allies? What
appeared to be the greatest immediate threat to the international order
following the defeat of Germany? What two nations were excluded from
the peace negotiations? How was the principle of "national self-determination
applied in the treaty? |
| 6. |
Focus Question: How did the peace provisions change
the political and social balance of power among the European states? |
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Which two nations were excluded from the peace conference? Why was President Wilson willing to make concessions against his principles?
What was the purpose of the League of Nations? What were its weaknesses?
What provisions were made to "weaken" Germany's ability to wage a future
war against France? What territorial settlements were reached in
Eastern Europe? How did the Allies justify the huge reparation payments
demanded of Germany? What were the chief complaints of the various
powers against the peace settlements of 1919? What was the tragedy of the
Treaty of Versailles? How had WWI permanently changed the world which
had been formed during the period of 19th-century European imperialism?
Why would a glance at the map in 1919 give the impression that Britain
and France were stronger than ever after the war? Why would this
impression be incorrect? |
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Clause 231 (War Guilt Clause)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Leon Trotsky
soviets
White Russians
Red Russians
Italia Irrendenta
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