1. |
Focus Question: What events brought an end to the Concert of Europe, and what was its impact? |
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What was the long term cause of the Crimean War? What was the
pretext for war between Russia and the Ottomans in 1853? Why did
England and France enter the conflict? Which countries fought on
which sides during the conflict? Which major countries remained neutral?
Who "won" the war? How was Russia's image changed as a result of
the war? What effect did the war have on the Concert of Europe and
European stability? |
| 2. |
Focus Question: How did Italy achieve unification,
and what were the results? |
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Where is Piedmont located? How did Count Camillo Cavour's
and Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of Italy differ? Who have won the wars
of 1848 and 1849 between Piedmont and Austria? How did Cavour hope
to win the support of the great powers for the unification of Italy?
Why did Cavour enter the Crimean War? Who supported the Italians
in the War of 1859? What was the fate of Austrian territories in
Italy after the summer of 1859? How was southern Italy joined to Northern
Italy? When was the Kingdom of Italy declared? What was the
fate of the papal states? When was the Veneto, when was Rome added
to the kingdom of Italy? What role had war played in the unification
of Italy? What problems did unified Italy have and why did they prove
so difficult to overcome? What was the relationship of the Church
and the Italian state following unification? |
| 3. |
Focus Question: How was the unification of Germany
achieved? |
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What was the single most important political development between 1848
and 1914? What was the issue which separated Prussia's King William
I and his Parliament in 1860-1862? To what social class did Bismarck
belong? What action did Bismarck take as regards to Parliament once
he became prime minister of Prussia? What was the chief motivation of Bismarck
to unify Germany? What method did Bismarck use to unify Germany?
Why did Prussia and Austria go to war with Denmark in 1864? What
happened to Austrian influence in Germany as a result of the Seven Weeks
War? What was the fate of Austria's German allies after the Seven
Weeks' War? |
| 4. |
Focus Question: What prompted the Franco-Prussian War
and were the results? |
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Why did Napoleon III go to war with the German Confederation in 1870?
Where and when was the German Empire declared? How did Bismarck
bring the states of southern Germany into the North German Confederation?
What type of government did the Germany Empire have, in theory, in practice?
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| 5. |
Focus Question: What was the fate of the Hapsburg Empire
in the wake of the defeat in the Seven Weeks War? |
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How did the structure of the Hapsburg empire compare to the developments
in the rest of Western Europe during the period 1850-1871? What type
of administration did the Emperor Francis Joseph attempt to impose on his
domains after 1848? What prompted the Austrians to establish a bicameral
parliament? Which national group continued refuse to be reconciled
to the Habsburg government prior to 1867? What was the Ausgleich?
Which groups most consistently opposed the Ausgleich? In what
sense did it satisfy the demands of nationalism? In what sense did
it frustrate nationalist desires? How did nationality problems influence
the three great empires (Austrian, German, and Russian) during the second
half of the 19th century? |
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| 6. |
Focus Question: What factors gave rise to anti-Semitism
during the latter have of the 19th century? |
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How did the racial thinking of the late nineteenth century differ from
previous racial thinking? How did Arthur de Gobineau's theories differ
from those of Houston Steward Chamberlain's? Whom did Chamberlain
identify as the major enemy of European racial regeneration? How
did popular anti-Semitism identify the Jewish community? How did
the new ant-Semitic theories of the period see the fundamental problem
of "Jewishness"? What did Theodor Herzl seek to achieve?
How did "nationalism" change in character after 1870? Which ideology
proved to be the most powerful in the early thwentieth century? |