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| 1. |
Focus Question: How did nationalism emerge as the single most
powerful European political ideology of the 19th and early 20thcenturies? |
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On what concept is nationalism based? What nationalist ideas
challenged the domestic and international order of the Vienna settlement?
How were nationalists ideas mainly spread? What role did language
play in developing a sense of nation? What arguments did nationalists
use to support their ideas? What significant problem arose
in determining national rights? In what areas were nationalist
conflicts most intense? |
| 2. |
Focus Question: What was the nature of nineteenth century
liberalism? |
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What were roots of liberalism? What were its goals? From
what class did liberals generally arise? What was their attitude
towards democracy? How did the liberals change the 19th century concept
of aristocratic liberty? What were the economic goals of the liberals?
What elements tended to link liberalism and nationalism? |
| 3. |
Focus Question: What was the fate of liberalism in Russia, France, and England during the nineteenth century? |
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What was the source of inspiration for the secret societies in the
Russian army? What was the immediate result of the Decembrist Revolt?
Over what issues did Charles X of France quarrel with the liberals?
In what sense was the revolution of 1830 in France a liberal revolution?
In what sense was it conservative? What was the attitude of the liberal
July monarchy after 1830 towards the lower and working classes? Why did
the British enact the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800? Why did
the British Parliament pass the Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829?
What was the result of the Catholic Emancipation Act for the British government?
What did the Great Reform Bill of 1832 accomplish? Was it a truly
democratic measure? How large was the electorate under the
Reform Bill? What was the basis for voting? What type of policies were put forward by Gladstone and Disraeli? How did they differ and how did they together transform Britain? What impact did the Irish Question have on British politics? |
| 4. |
Focus Question: How did the Revolutions of 1848 transform Europe? To what extent did they fail to achieve their aims? |
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What factors led to the revolutions of 1848? What issues kept the liberals and working classes from making common cause? From the standpoint of world history, what was the chief importance of the revolutions of 1848? Which group had won? What new strategies did the various groups seeking change now adopt? |