REVIEW SHEET 13  THE NAPOLEONIC ERA AND LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS
pp.  569-581

1.  Focus Questions: How did Napoleon rise to a position of power during the French Revolution? And how did he secure his power both internally and abroad?
What were Napoleon's political feelings during the revoluiton?  What was the purpose of Napoleon's foreign campaigns?  Why was the invasion of Egypt a military failure?  How did Europe respond to Napoleon?   How did Napoleon come to power? Why was Napoleon so popular among so many different groups? What agreement was arranged under Napoleon with the Church?  What were its terms?  Why did Napoleon crown himself emperor instead of allowing the Pope to do it?   What powerful ideological force did Napoleon's victories unleash? 

2. Focus Question: What was the impact of Napoleon's victories and the cause of his defeat?
  How did Napoleon's victories change the map of Europe?    Why was the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) important?  How was the British economy able to survive the Continental System?  Why was the Continental System a political blunder for Napoleon?  Why did the Spanish revolt against Napoleon in 1808?  Why did Napoleon have trouble defeating the Spanish?  What had the Russians hoped to obtain from Napoleon?  What issues finally led the Tsar Alexander I finally break with Napoleon?  How did the Russians "defeat" the French invasion of Napoleon? 

3.  Focus Question: What were the divisions and sources unity among the "big powers" at the Congress of Vienna?
Who were the original "big powers" at the Congress of Vienna?   How did these states hope to contain French power?  What principle of rule was established by the Congress of Vienna?  Which question brought the Congress to a standstill?  What promises did Napoleon make upon his return to France from his exile of Elba?  Who defeated Napoleon in 1815?  What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance?  How was France adversely affected by Napoleon's return to power?  What were the chief aims of the Congress of Vienna?  Were they successful?  

4. Focus Question: Why did the American colonies of Spain and France revolt against the "mother country"? 
What was the policy of the Bourbon kings of Spain toward the administration of the American colonies? What was the impact of the late 18th-century Bourbon reforms?  What happened to European dominance of Latin American between 1804 and 1824?  How did the revolt in Haiti differ from that in other Latin American countries during the early 1800's?  How were the revolutionary  attitudes of the Creoles similar to attitudes of various groups in North America and in France?  What were the sources of Creole discontent with the Spanish colonial government?  What European event prompted the Creoles in Latin America to revolt?  Why did the creoles fear a liberal Napoleonic monarchy in Spain?

5.  Focus Question: What were the different paths of independence in Latin America, and what accounted for them?
What factors fostered different paths to independence in Latin America?  Which Spanish American region was the first to revolt?  What area was the greatest stronghold of royalist power in Latin America?  How did San Martin and Simon Bolivar differ as to the type of government they envisioned for Latin America? Who liberated the southern part of Latin America, who liberated the northern part? In what respect was the early revolutionary activity in Mexico unique in Latin America?  What were the goals of these revolutionaries?  How did the elite Creole and Spanish groups react?  How was the path of Brazilian independence different from that in other Latin American countries?  How did the Creole attitude differ from that of the Brazilians in regards to slavery?  What was the economic and political condition of the new Latin American republics at the close of the era of the wars of independence? 

6 Focus Question: How and when was Transatlantic Trade Slavery ended?
Where did the eighteenth-century crusade against slavery originate? Among which religious group did the protest against slavery first arise? Why did reformers first attempt to stop the slave trade rather than abolish slavery outright? When did the British abolish the slave trade? Slavery itself? Which was the last country to have slaves in the Americas? What does Sierra Leone, Libreville and Liberia all have in common?