| 1. |
Focus Question: What
factors allowed for Luther's "new" theology to establish itself? |
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Why had late medieval Germany been unable to enforce "national" religious
reforms? What factors favored the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
in Germany? Who led the Protestant Reformation in Germany?
What disparity plagued Luther? What issue served as the "spark" to
set off the Protestant Reformation? What was Luther's sole source
of religious authority? Why (do you think) the Emperor Charles
V was reluctant to join the Protestant Reformation? What was his
early policy, and why did he pursue it? What factors led to
the Peasants' Revolt and what was Luther's attitude toward it? What
did Luther mean by Christian freedom? What probably would have happened
had Luther supported the Peasants' Revolt? |
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| 2. |
Focus Question: What
were the unique qualities of the Swiss Reformation movement? |
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What were the two preconditions for the Swiss Reformation? Where
did Ulrich Zwingli work? What was Ulrich Zwingli's reform guideline?
Why did Philip of Hesse atempt to unite Swiss and German Protestants?
How did Luther differ from Zwingli on the issue of the Eucharist?
What was the main theological position of the Anabaptists? Why were
they considered a social threat? What were the provisions of the
Peace of Augsburg in 1555? What was the attitude of most Protestants
and Catholics toward the Anabaptists? |
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| 3. |
Focus Question: What was
the nature of Calvinism? |
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What were the central ideas and goals of Calvinism? Where was Calvinism
strongest? What political situation helped establish Calvinism in
Geneva? Why were Calvin and Farel expelled from Geneva? What
was Calvin and his followers so strongly motived to reform society?
What developments helped strengthen Calvin's influence in Geneva? |
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| 4. |
Focus Question: What factors contributed to the consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation? |
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What means were used to consolidate Lutheranism in Germany? How
and why does Lutheranism spread into Scandanavia? How and why was
the Protestant Reformation introduced into Scandanavia? Why was Poland
a "model of religious pluralism and toleration" in the second half of the
sixteenth century? After compromise failed what did the Emperor do
in 1547? Why wasn't he able to enforce his will? What were
the principal terms of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555? |
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| 5. |
Focus Question: How and why was
the Reformation introduced into England? How does it become consolidated? |
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How did the late Middle Ages "prepare" England for accepting Protestantism?
To whom was Henry VIII married, and why did he seek to an annulment?
Why did the pope not grant Henry's request? What solution did Thomas
Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell offer the king? In what sense was Henry
religiously conservative? How did Edward VI's advisor Thomas
Cranmer change the religious policies of Henry VIII? What was
his sister Mary Tudor’s attitude and when was a lasting religious settlement
finally worked out in England? |