REVIEW SHEET 33  THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION
pp. 421-428

 
1. Focus Question:   What was the Reformation and where did it begin?
Where and when did the Protestant Reformation begin?  What values did the Protestant reformers share with the Renaissance thinkers and which did they reject?   What factors contributed to the political and social upheavel following the Reformation?
2. Focus Question:  What were the causes and the effects of European expansion?
The quest for what item initially stimulated European exploration?  Which European power led European exploration along the African coast? Which city became the banking capital of Europe during the sixteenth century?  Why were spices so in demand in Europe?  Which rivals for the spice trade the the Portuguese successful defeat?  What model did the Spanish have in mind when dealing with the Americas?  What were the positive and what were the negative effects of European colonial and economic expansion on both the Americas and Europe?
3. Focus Question:  What were the preconditions of the Reformation? 
What political conflict dominated Europe during the sixteenth century?  Apart from religious issues, why did many townspeople and villagers support the Reformation?  Which groups tended to favor the Reformation and why?  What factors tended to contribute to the growth of lay criticism of the Church?  Which factors contributed to the growth of lay criticism of the Church?  How and why was secular control of religious life becoming more common in the late Middle Ages?  How did town dwellers seek to improve religious life in their areas?  How did the humanists of the Northern Renaissance differ from those of the Italian Renaissance?  For Erasmus what was the essence of the philosophia Christi [philosophy of Christi]?  How did humanism in Spain differ from that in Germany, England and France? 
4.  Focus Question:   What factors allowed for Luther's "new" theology to establish itself?
Why had late medieval Germany been unable to enforce "national" religious reforms?  What factors favored the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany?  Who led the Protestant Reformation in Germany?  What disparity plagued Luther?  What issue served as the "spark" to set off the Protestant Reformation?  What was Luther's sole source of religious authority?  Why (do you think)  the Emperor Charles V was reluctant to join the Protestant Reformation?  What was his early policy, and why did he pursue it?   What factors led to the Peasants' Revolt and what was Luther's attitude toward it?  What did Luther mean by Christian freedom?  What probably would have happened had Luther supported the Peasants' Revolt?

Amerigo Vespucci
Desiderius Erasmus
Johann Gutenberg
Martin Luther
"justification by faith alone"
indulgences
Utopia

Devotio Moderna = late medieval movement that stressed religious piety, emotion, and reform of popular morals.  Its proponents stressed the need for the Christian to downplay "minor" theological disagreements and "imitate Christ."