| REVIEW SHEET | THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000-1300)
Rival of Empire, Church, and Towns |
| pp. 338-358 |
| 1. | |
| What were the main historical trends during the high Middle Ages? How did Henry I and Otto I seek to increase their power? Why was the battle of Lechfeld in 955 significant? How did Pope John XII recompense Otto I for his aid? What was the result of the German kings attempts to secure Italy? What was the state of the Church during the late ninth and early tenth centuries? What was the goal of the Cluny reform? What issue was the center of the investiture controversy? What was the pope's chief weapon which he used against Henry IV? Which group "helped" the Church against Henry IV? Which group profited most from the investiture controversy? How did the Concordat of Worms make the clergy "more independent but not necessarily less worldly?" | |
| 2. | Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of the Crusades? |
| What was the motives of the Crusades? What factors made the early crusades such a success? Who proclaimed the First Crusade? How did the eastern Christians "greet" the crusaders, why? What was the result of the First Crusade? According to Pope Urban II, which city was "the navel of the world?" Why did the Third Crusade fail? What was the most significant long-term achievement of the first three Crusades? | |
| 3. | Focus Question: What was the nature of towns in the Middle Ages and how did they change over time? |
| In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, what percentage of the western European population lived in towns? Who originally dominated the towns? How did the growth of towns improve the lot of serfs? From which social class did the long-distant trade merchants often come? How were merchants initally viewed? How and why did that opinion change? Why did the merchants ally themselves with kings against the nobility of the countryside? Who controlled the cities by the thirteenth century? How did town government vary differ in France, Germany and Italy? What two factors were behind the surge in anti-Jewish feeling during the High Middle Ages? | |
| 4. | Focus Question: What was the nature of education in the High Middle Ages? |
| What new cultural "information" held spark the rise of the universities, and where did it come from? Where was the first important Western university? What were the specialties of Bologna and Paris? What was the medieval attitude toward the pursuit of truth? How did the scholastic program of study function and what was its aim? | |
| 5. | Focus Question: What were the characteristics of the medieval society? |
| Which were the three basic social groups of the Middle Ages? How was the nobility divided by the late Middle Ages? What was the "profession" of the nobility? By the late Middle Ages, what factors led to the nobility's steep economic and political decline? In what sense was the clergy an "open estate?" What were the two basic types of clerics and how did they differ? What was the source of their prestige? What were the obligations and rights of the serfs? What two basic changes in the manor system led to greater freedom for the serfs? What was the social status and role of women? | 6. | Focus Question: How and why was the development of England and France different during this period? |
| What is the significance of the date 1066? What claim did William of Normandy have to the English crown? What elements of Anglo-Saxon government did William the Conquerer keep and how did this "balance" the government? Which English king greatly expanded the crown's holdings in France? What was the importance of the Magna Carta? What wise decision did the French Capetian kings make? How did Philip Augustus unite France? What measures did Louis IX undertake that helped unify the kingdom? How was Frederick II's concessions to the German princes like the Magna Carta? How was it different? What was the nature of the German emperors after Frederick II? | |
| 7. | Focus Question: What factors contributed to the political and social breakdown during the later Middle Ages? |
| What were the principle causes of the Hundred Years' War? Why did France initially do so poorly against the English? What effective weapon did the English have? What role did Joan of Arc play? What impact did the war have on both England and France? Why was Europe's population so vulnerable to the bubonic plague? Where did the plague come from and what areas of Europe were most affected? What percentage of the West European population may have succumbed to the plague? Which areas were generally spared the plague? Where the chief social and economic consequences of the plague? Who gained and lost from the plague? | |
| 8. | Focus Question: What led to the ecclesiastical breakdown of the late Medieval Church? |
| Over what issues did Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII quarrel? How did the French king react to the Pope's attempt to prevent clerical taxation? How was the issue settled and what impact did it have on future Church-State relations? What impression does it give that the papacy moved to Avignon? What caused the Great Western Schism? How was Europe divided in allegiance to the Pope(s)? Which line is recognized as the official line of the papacy? When and how was the schism "healed"? What was the impact of the conciliar movement on the conscience of all western peoples? |
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"Peace of God" -- series of Chruch decress that attempted to lessen
the endemic warfare of medieval society by threatening excommunication
for all who, at any time, harmed such vulnerable groups as women, peasants,
merchants, and clergy
Concordat of Worms
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