REVIEW SHEET   EARLY ISLAM:  NEW ORDER THROUGH CALIPHATES
pp.  253-263


1.  Focus Question: Over what issues did the Arab Muslims disagree and what was the result?
What was the greatest strength of the Qur'anic message?  What purpose did the diwan serve?  What was the status of early non-Arab converts in Islam?  What were the three early conflicting interpretations of the Muslim vision?  What was the position of the Kharijites?  When did they originate?  What was their vision of the Umma? What are the "roots" of the Shi'a?  What was the Shi'a position concerning the "caliph"?  What theological interpretation did the Shi'a give to the assassination of Ali and Husayn?  Where and when did the Shi'ite vision come to dominate a Muslim state?  What group took the "centrist" position in Islam?  What consideration was placed above particular theological tenets?  What were the basic ideas of the Sunnis? 

2. Focus Question:  What was the nature of the "high caliphate"? 
Which two dynasties made up the "high caliphate"?  Which dynasty won the civil war of 750?   What "elements" supported the Abbasids?  The shift of the caliphate capital to Baghdad brought more political power to which group?  What was the Abbasid attitude toward the Shi'ites?  When did the Abbasid dynasty collapse?  On whom did the Abbasids depend for military power?  Beginning in the ninth century, who was increasingly recruited as the personal troops of the caliph?  What led to the increasing alienation of the Muslim populace from their own rulers?

3. Focus Question:  How was Islam more internationalized by the Abbasid caliphate and how were its divisions manifested? 
What qualities marked Islamic society after the mid-ninth century? Why did local rulers tend to recognize caliphate authority at least nominally? Which dynasty ruled in Spain after 750?  Which group started the Islamic cultural renaissance based on Persian poetry and Arabic scientific studies?  To which religious sect did the Buyids belong?  What was the relationship between the Buyids and the Abbasids?  Which group replaced the Buyids?  When was the Abbasid caliphate destroyed and by whom? 

4. Focus Question:  How did Islamic culture crystallize into a broad world culture? 
What conditions contributed to the power and glory of the Abbasid court? When and from where was paper manufacture introduced in the Arabic world?  With what Chinese dynasty did the Abbasids carry on trade?  How absolute was Abbasid rule?  From whom did the Islamic world take over the tradition of rational inquiry?  Who influenced Arab intellectual endeavors, and whom did they in turn influence?  What was the central vehicle to interpretation of the Qu'ran?  What was the importance of the hadith?  When did "classical" Islamic style crystallize?  In what two areas did Islamic art offer something distinctive?  What was "new" about Islamic art?  What is most striking about Islamic art?  What other contemporary empire might compare favorably with the Islamic world?  What initially fueled the economy of the new Islamic state, and what sustained it?  In what respect was the Islamic achievement different from any other in this period?


qur'an
"islam"
"muslim"
Hegira
umma
Hajj
mahdi
sunna