OBJECTIVES FOR LECTURE TEST # 1
1. You should be able to describe the special features of the following 
approaches to light microscopic study -- phase contrast and polarizing 
microscopy; histochemistry, immunochemistry, fluorescence labelling, and 
radioautography.
2. You should be able to define the concepts of magnification and 
resolving power and understand the units of measurement.
3. You should be able to explain the significance of tissue culture 
techniques to the study of live cell systems.

1. You should be able to define and/or define the form and function 
of the following cellular structures:
      Nucleus           Rough ER          Microtubules and filaments 
      nuclear envelope  Smooth ER         Plasma membrane 
      nucleolus         Golgi apparatus   Ribosomes 
      chromatin         Lysosomes          
      euchromatin       Peroxisomes       
      heterochromatin   Centrioles 

2. You should be able to describe or illustrate the vesicular transport 
of proteins from GER to outside of the cell (Fig. 2-13).
3. You should be able to describe a typical lysosomal digestive system 
(Fig. 2-18).
1. You should be able to describe the characteristic forms and functions 
of epithelial tissues. Include here the cells, extracellular materials , 
and general functions (Table 4-1).
2. You should be able to list the classification of types of epithelia 
and know examples of location within the body (see Table 4-2). You should 
know all of the examples listed in this table.
3. You should be able to describe the general form and function of the 
following intercellular junctions --desmosomes, intermediate junctions, 
and occluding junctions.
4. You should be able to describe the form and function of microvilli, 
stereocilia, cilia, and flagella.
5. You should be able to describe characteristics of the following 
epithelial cells activities -- a) Transport of ions c) Protein secretion 
b) Transport by pinocytosis d) Mucous secretion 
6. You should be able to compare/contrast and give an example of each 
of the following types of glands -- tubular, tubuloacinar, and acinar.


1. You should be able to describe the characteristic form and function 
of connective tissues. Include here the cells, their constituent parts, 
and extracellular materials.
2. You should be able to describe the form and function of connective 
tissue cell types. Include here also adipose tissues (Chapter 6).
3. You should be able to describe the form and function of Ground 
Substance, especially the major glycosaminoglycans (GLAs).
4. You should be able to describe the form and function of connective 
tissue fibers. You should know the basic features of the three principle 
forms -- collagen, reticular, and elastic -- and the details of the 
biosynthesis of collagen (see Figure 5-9).

1. You should be able to describe the form, function, and location of 
the three major forms of cartilage -- hyaline, elastic, fibrous.
2. You should be able to describe the structure and function of the cells 
(chondrocytes) and intercellular substance that constitute cartilage.
3. You should be able to discuss how cartilage grows, is nourished, ages, 
and regenerates.
4. You should be able to describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of 
compact and cancellous bone.
5. You should be able to describe the form and function of bone cell types.
6. You should be able to discuss and compare/contrast inramembranous and 
endochondral bone formation.
7. You should be able to discuss growth, remodeling, and repair of bone.









OBJECTIVES FOR LECTURE TEST # 2
1. You should be able to list the cells derived from the developing 
neural tube and neural crest (see Handouts).
2. You should be able to classify the following neurons by characteristics 
of form and function : mulitpolar, bipolar, and unipolar.
3. You should be able to describe the form and function of the structures 
found within typical nerve cell bodies.
4. You should be able to describe the form and function of typical nerve 
cell processes (e.g., axons and dendrites).
5. You should be able to define and/or describe the form and function of 
neuroglial cells (Table 9-1).
6. You should be able to compare and contrast myelination of peripheral 
versus central nervous tissues.
7. You should be able to describe the organization and structure of 
peripheral nerves, as well as cranial and spinal ganglia (see Text and 
Handouts).
8. You should be able to define and/or describe the form and function of 
the neural components of the autonomic nervous system (e.g., sympathetic, 
parasympathetic systems ,etc...).
9. You should be able to describe the gross organization, microscopic 
anatomy, and general function of the major parts of the brain -- cerebrum, 
cerebellum, and brainstem (medulla oblongata) -- including all named 
regions, tissues, and cells (see Text and Handouts).

1. You should be able to describe (in words or through illustrations) the 
gross organization, microscopic anatomy, and overall function of the eye 
and ear.
2. You should be able to provide a detailed list of similarities and 
differences found in the form and function of rods and cones.
3. You should be able to draw and label a detailed illustration of the 
principle layers and cells of the retina.
4. You should be able to draw and label a detailed illustration of the 
macula (saccule or utricle), crista ampularis, and organ of Corti.
5. You should be able to describe how the microscopic anatomy of the 
internal ear functions to detect sound.

1. You should be able to characterize the form and function of the three 
major muscle tissue types -- skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
2. You should be able to describe the organization of skeletal muscle at 
gross, histological, and ultrastructure levels. See especially Figures 
10-2 through 10-6. 
3. You should be able to compare/contrast the form and function of skeletal 
and cardiac muscle tissues.








OBJECTIVES FOR LECTURE TEST # 3
1. You should be able to discuss the form and function of the four major 
types of capillaries.
2. You should be able to define and/or describe the microscopic anatomy 
and characteristics of blood circulation in arterial and venous vessels.
3. You should be able to describe the microscopic anatomy and general 
function of the structures of the heart.

1. You should be able to define and/or describe the form and function of 
blood plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and lymph (See Table 12-1).
2. You should be able to characterize the various leukocytes by staining 
properties, form of nucleus, size, and relative abundance.
3. You should be able to describe the process of recycling (disposal) of 
blood cells.
4. You should be able to describe the differentiation of granulocyte and 
erythrocyte series within bone marrow.
5. You should be able to describe the differentiation of lymphocyte and 
monocyte series in lymphoid tissues and bone marrow.
6. You should be able to discuss the development of blood cells in the 
liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and white bone marrow.

1. You should be able to describe the microscopic anatomy and general 
function of lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, tonsils, and thymus).
2. You should be able to describe, in detail, the form, function of the 
spleen.

1. You should be able to illustrate the overall gross organization of 
the skin, including epidermal, dermal, and subcutaneous layers.
2. You should be able to describe the form and function of the components 
of the epidermis, including:
        Keratinocytes        Merkel cells        Melanocytes 
        The FIVE STRATA      Langerhans cells 

3. You should be able to describe the dermis and the structures found 
within it.
4. You should be able to compare and contrast the form and function of 
sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous glands.
5. You should be able to describe the microscopic anatomy of a hair, 
including the details of hair follicle structure from the dermal papilla 
to the surface of the skin.
6. You should be able to describe the microscopic anatomy of a nail and 
contrast its form and function with that of typical epidermis.

1. You should be able to describe the overall gross organization of the 
digestive tract (Fig. 15-1).
2. You should be able to describe the microscopic anatomy of the esophagus, 
stomach, small and large intestines, appendix, and rectum.
3. You should be able to distinguish the abovementioned digestive organs 
from one another by characteristic structures found within them.
4. You should be able to describe the microscopic anatomy of the tongue, 
including all papillar types and internal features.
5. You should be able to describe the basic microscopic anatomy of a 
mammalian tooth, including details of the external and internal structure 
of enamel, dentine, cementum, periodontal membranes, and pulp cavities.
6. You should be able to describe the development of a tooth.
7. You should be able to describe the form and function of the major 
salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, and submandibular).
8. You should be able to describe the form and function of the pancreas 
as a digestive gland.
9. You should be able to describe the form and function of the liver as 
a digestive gland.









OBJECTIVES FOR LECTURE TEST # 4
1. You should be able to describe the gross organization of the entire 
respiratory tract (Fig. 17-1).
2. You should be able to characterize the form and function of the 
larynx, including trachea and primary bronchi.
3. You should be able to describe the micrscopic anatomy of lung tissue 
from primary bronchi to alveolar sacs (Table 17-1).
Specific Objectives for the Excretory system
1. You should be able to describe the gross organization of the kidney 
(Fig. 19-1).
2. You should be able to describe (in words or by way of illustrations) 
the relationship of the urniferous tubules to the gross organization of 
the kidney (Figs. 19-1, 19-2).
3. You should be able to explain the function of the renal corpuscle, 
nephron, and collecting ducts relative to osmolarity, ion permeability, 
and the effects of antidiuretic hormone.
4. You should be able to describe, in detail, the microscopic anatomy 
of the nephron, including the following cells and structures:
             Glomerulus Podocytes 
             Bowman's capsule (visceral and parietal layers)
             Proximal convoluted tubule 
             Thin (descending) loop of Henle 
             Thick (ascending)loop of Henle 
             Distal convoluted tubule 
             Collecting ducts

1. You should be able to describe, in detail, the microscopic anatomy of 
the testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, and penis.
2. You should be able to describe the anatomical changes (at the cellular 
and tissue levels) that occur whtin the seminiferou tubule during 
spermatogenesis.
3. You should be able to compare and contrast oogensis and spermatogenesis.
4. You should be able to describe the process of the development of the 
male reproductive system relating it to that which occurs in the female.
5. You should be able to describe, in detail, the microscopic anatomy of 
the ovary, oviducts, uterus, and vagina.
6. You should be able to describe the anatomical changes (at cellular and 
tissue levels) that occur within the ovary during the process of ovulation.
7. You should be able to describe the anatomical changes (at cellular and 
tissue levels) that occur within the uterus during the process of 
menstruation.

1. You should be able to describe the overall gross organization, 
microscopic anatomy, and function of the pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, 
parathyroid, and adrenal glands.
2. You should be able to distinguish each of the endocrine glands from 
one another by the specific hormones that each secretes.
3. You should be able to distinguish each of the endocrine glands from 
one another by the specific hormones that each secretes.

Last updated 2 January 1998

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