LABORATORY GUIDE TO TISSUES - 1.
Practical # 1
Overall Objectives: During the next several weeks you will be examining
slides representing 2 of the 4 major body tissues. At this point we will
concern ourselves with epithelial and connective tissues. The overall
objective is to identify major tissues types, as well as some characteristic
structures.
Specific Objectives for Cellular Ultrastructure
1. You should be able to identify -- on TEM photographs -- the following
major cellular structures:
Nucleus Intercellular junctions
Nuclear envelope Zona occludentes (tight)
Nucleolus Zona adherens
Mitochondrion Desmosome
Cisternae
Matrix Cell surface features
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Microvilli
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Stereocilia
Golgi apparatus Cilia
Secretory granules
Specific Objectives for Epithelia
1. You should be able to identify the following major forms of epithelia:
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified squamous (keratinized)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Transitional
2. You should know the location and general function of examples for each
of these (use Table 4-2).
3. You should be able to identify the following glandular epithelial forms
and structures:
Goblet cells (indiv. secretory cell)
Serous cells / glands
Mucous cells / glands
Mixed serous/mucous glands
4. You should be able to identify the following epithelial membranes
wherever they are found in the body:
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Specific Objectives for Connective Tissues
1. You should be able to identify the following major forms of connective
tissue:
Irregular loose (=areolar)
Dense irregular
Collagenous regular
Elastic regular
Reticular
Adipose
Hyaline cartilage
White fibrous cartilage (=fibrocartilage)
Elastic cartilage
Bone
2. You should be know the locations of examples of each of the forms
in # 1, above.
3. You should be able to identify the following structures within any
cartilage:
Matrix (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)
Perichondrium
Chondrocytes
4. You should be able to indentify the following structures and
organizational forms of bone:
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
cancellous vs. compact
Haversian canal
epiphysis vs. diaphysis
Lacuna
Canaliculi
Bone development
Volkmann's canals
Periosteum
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
5. You should be able to identify developing bone as either
intramembranous or endochondral.
LABORATORY GUIDE TO TISSUES -- 2.
Practical # 2
Overall Objectives: During the next several weeks you will be examining
slides representing 2 of the 4 major body tissues. At this point we will
concern ourselves with nervous and muscle tissues. The overall objective
is to identify major tissues types, as well as some characteristic
structures.
Specific Objectives for Nervous Tissues
1. You should be able to identify the following structures within a
typical nerve cell body:
Nucleus Nucleolus
Nissl bodies Axon hillock
2. You should be able to identify and know the location of the following
neuroglial cells and structures:
Fibrous astrocytes
Cells of Schwann (satellite cells)
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Nucleus
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin sheath
Microglial cells
Node of Ranvier
Ependymal cells
3. You should bew able to identify the 3 major connective tissue layers
that "bundle" nerve fibers:
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
Specific Objectives for Central Nervous System
1. You should be able to identify and give a general function for the
following structures that support the brain and spinal cord:
Pia Mater Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid Choroid Plexus
Dura Mater Ependymal cells
2. You should be able to identify the following features of the spinal
cord in models and in cross sections:
Dorsal median sulcus
Lateral columns
Dorsal lateral sulcus
Ventral gray columns
Dorsal gray columns
Ventral columns
Dorsal columns
Ventral median fissure
Central canal
3. You should be able to identify the following features of the cerebellum:
Cerebellar Cortex
Molecular layer
Granular layer
Cells of Purkinje
Basket cells
Granule cells
4. You should be able to identify the following layers (by diagram) of the cerebrum:
Cerbral Cortex
Molecular layer
External granular layer
Pryamidal layer
Internal granular layer
Ganglionic layer
Multiform layer
Specific Objectives for Special Sense Organs
1. You should be able to identify the following structures of the eye:
Sclera Retina
Cornea 7 LAYERS -- Ganglionic cells to Retinal Pigment Epit
Conjunctival epithelium
Choroid
Iris
Cilliary body
2. You should be able to identify the following structures of the ear:
Scala vestibuli
Vestibular membrane
Scala tympani
Stria vascularis
Scala media
Basilar membrane
Tectorial membrane
Outer and Inner hair cells
Specific Objectives for Muscular Tissues
1. You should be able to identify the three major muscle types -- smooth, skeletal, and
cardiac -- in transverse and longitudinal sections.
2. You should know the location and examples of the three muscle types.
3. You should be able to identify the following structures within muscle tissue:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Epimysium
Intercalated discs
Endomysium
Purkinje fibers
Striations
LABORATORY GUIDE TO VASCULAR AND VISCERAL ORGANS
Practical # 3
Overall Objectives: During the next several weeks you will be examining slides
representing vascular and several visceral organ systems. Vascular systems
include blood, their vessels, the heart, and lymphatic organs. The study of blood,
per se, is hematology. The visceral systems we will cover in this section include
the integument and digestive ograns. The overall objective is to identify major
organs and their specific structures.
Specific Objectives for Circulatory Tissues
1. You should be able to identify the following blood vessels and understand their
location with respect to each other and to organs:
Large arteries Large Veins
Medium arteries capillaries Medium veins
Arterioles Venules
2. You should be able to identify and know the tissue composition of the following
structures found within the walls of blood vessels:
Tunica adventitia
Inner elastic membrane
Tunica media
Vaso vasorum (large vessels only)
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Specific Objectives for Blood
1. You should be able to identify the following structures found within a typical
lymph node:
Erthrocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Specific Objectives for Lymphatic Tissues
1. You should be able to identify the following structures found within most lymphatic
organs:
Capsule (fibrous)
Germinal center
Marginal sinus
Medullary cords
Cortical nodule
Trabeculae
2. You should be about to identify and distinguish the lymphatic organs --
tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen -- from each other.
Specific Objectives for the Integument
1. You should be able to identify the gross organization of a section of skin.
Included are the following:
Epidermis
Hair
Dermis
Sebaceous glands
Subcutaneous region
Pacinian corpuscles
Sweat glands
Vascular and nervous tissues
Adipose cells
2. You should be able to identify and locate the following cells and layers of
the epidermis:
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Melanocyte
3. You should be able to identify and locate the following structures and
layers within the dermis:
Reticular layer
Papillary layer
Dermal chromatophores
Arrector pili muscles
Meissner's corpuscles
4. You should be able to identify the following structures within sweat and
sebaceous glands:
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Duct cells
Indifferent (support) cells
Secretory cells
Sebaceous (secretory) cells
Myoepithelial cells
Specific Objectives for Digestive System
1. You should be able to identify the following major tissue layers in any part of
the alimentary tract:
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
2. You should be able to identify (distinguish) each portion of the alimentary tract
by their distinct histological characteristics:
Esophagus Duodenum
Esophagus-Stomach junction Jejunum
Stomach-- cardiac portion Ileum
Stomach -- fundic portion Large intestine
Stomach -- pyloric portion
3. You should be able to identify the following specific structures for the abovelisted
regions:
Stomach Duodenum
rugae Brunner's glands in submucosa
gastric glands and pits
chief cells Ileum
parietal cells Peyer's patches
mucous neck cells
Small intestine (LOCATION ONLY !!!)
plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)
villi crypts of Liberkuhn
plexuses of Meissner and Auerbach
4. You should be able to identify the following structures associated with the tongue:
Fungiform papillae
Taste buds (location)
Skeletal muscle bundles
5. You should be able to identify the following features of developing and adult teeth:
Tooth bud Enamel
Enamel organ Lines of Retzius
outer enamel epth. Dentine
stellate reticulum Predentin
inner enamel epth. granular layer of Tomes
ameloblasts Tomes fibers
odontoblasts Cementum
Dental pulp
6. You should be able the identify the 3 major salivary glands by their
characteristic histology.
7. You should be able to identify the follwing features of any salivary gland:
Serous acini
Myoepithelial cells
Mucous acini
Intercalated ducts
Serous demilune
Striated ducts
8. You should be able to identify the pancreas and liver as digestive organs and
identify the following specific structures:
Liver Pancreas
central veins pancreatic acinar cells
hepatic cells islets of Langerhans
Kupffer cells
liver sinusoids
hepatic artery
portal vein
bile ducts
LABORATORY GUIDE TO VISCERAL ORGANS -- 2. Practical # 4
Overall Objectives: During the next several weeks you will be examining slides representing several visceral organ systems. The visceral systems we will cover in this section include the respiratory, excretory, reproductive, and endocrine organs. The overall objective is to identify major organs and their specific structures.
Specific Objectives for Respiratory System
1. You should be able to identify the trachea and the following histological structures that comprise it: Hyaline cartilage Tracheal glands Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Trachealis muscle
2. You should be able to identify and distinguish the lung and the following histological structures that comprise it: Primary and secondary bronchi PCCE Bronchioles Simple columnar/cuboidal epith. Aveolar duct Simple squamous epithelium Pulmonary alveoli
Specific Objectives for Excretory System
1. You should be able to identify the following gross anatomical structures of the kidney:
Cortex Renal papilla Medulla Renal pelvis Major and minor calyces Renal column Renal pyramids 2. You should be able to identify the following microscopic structures that are found in the kidney.
Cortex Medulla Glomerulus Collecting tubules Bowman's capsule Thick and Thin Loops of Henle Distal convoluted tubules Proximal convoluted tubules
4. You should be able to identify the following structures within the ureter and urinary bladder.
Mucosa (of transitional epithelium) Submucosa Muscularis Specific Objectives for Reproductive Systems
1. You should be able to identify and know the function of the following male reproductive structures:
Testis Ductus deferens seminiferous tubules Leydig cells Penis urethra Epididymis corpus spongiosum stereocilia corpus cavernosa
2. You should be able to identify the following microscopic features of the seminiferous tubule:
Sertoli cells Spermatogonia Spermatids Spermatozoa
3. You should be able to identify and know the function of the following female reproductive structures: Ovary Oviduct Uterus -- fundic portion Uterus -- cerical portion Vagina Mammary Gland
4. You should be able to identify the following microscopic features of the ovary:
Primordial follicle Follicular antrum Corpus luteum Graffian (mature follicle) Nucleus of ovum Corpus albicans Basement membrane Nucleolus Follicular cells Cumulus Granular cells Zona pellucida
5. You should be able to identify the following microscopic features of the uterus:
Endometrium (including glands) Myometrium Perimetrium (serosa)
6. You should be able to distinguish the following conditions of the menstral cycle:
Proliferative Secretory (progestational) Pre-menstral Menstral
Specific Objectives for Endocrine Systems
1. You should be able to identify and know the function of the following endocrine glands:
Pancreas Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland
2. You should be able to identify the following microscopic features of the pituitary:
Pars distalis parenchymal cells -- acidophils, basophils, chromophobes Pars intermedia Neuohypophysis
3. You should be able to identify the following microscopic features of the thyroid and parathyroid:
Thyroid Parathyroid follicle chief cells follicular cells oxyphils
4. You should be able to identify the following microscopic features of the adrenal gland:
Cortex Capsule zona granulosa